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A separate 'Gravamen Especial del 4 por 100' on sociedades anónimas is referenced in the same text (not added)."},{"from_year":1979,"value_pct":33.0,"label":"Impuesto sobre Sociedades, Ley 61/1978","source":"Ley 61/1978, de 27 de diciembre, del Impuesto sobre Sociedades","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31230","locator":"art. 23.Uno ('el tipo del treinta y tres por ciento')","confidence":"high","note":"Art. 23 first amended by Ley 44/1983 per BOE amendment list, so 33% for 1979-1983."},{"from_year":1984,"value_pct":35.0,"label":"IS general rate raised to 35%","source":"Ley 44/1983, de 28 de diciembre (PGE 1984)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-34167","locator":"art. 30.a ('Con carácter general, el 35 por 100')","confidence":"high","note":"35% reconfirmed e.g. Ley 31/1991 art. 70 and Ley 41/1994 art. 72."},{"from_year":1996,"value_pct":35.0,"label":"IS Ley 43/1995 (new law, same rate)","source":"Ley 43/1995, de 27 de diciembre, del Impuesto sobre Sociedades","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-27752","locator":"art. 26.1","confidence":"high","note":"Continuity point; also TRLIS RDLeg 4/2004 art. 28.1 (35%)."},{"from_year":2007,"value_pct":32.5,"label":"IS rate cut, step 1","source":"Ley 35/2006, de 28 de noviembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20764","locator":"DF 2ª.11 (adds DA 8ª TRLIS: 32.5% for periods from 1-1-2007)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":2008,"value_pct":30.0,"label":"IS rate cut, step 2","source":"Ley 35/2006, de 28 de noviembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20764","locator":"DF 2ª.11 (DA 8ª TRLIS: 30% for periods from 1-1-2008)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":2015,"value_pct":28.0,"label":"IS Ley 27/2014, transitional 2015 rate","source":"Ley 27/2014, de 27 de noviembre, del Impuesto sobre Sociedades","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12328","locator":"DT 34ª.i (general rate 28% for periods starting in 2015)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":2016,"value_pct":25.0,"label":"IS Ley 27/2014 general rate","source":"Ley 27/2014, de 27 de noviembre, del Impuesto sobre Sociedades","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12328","locator":"art. 29.1","confidence":"high","note":"Still the general rate in 2026; reduced rates for small/micro firms (2023+) are not the general rate."}],"irpf_top_marginal_rate":[{"from_year":1933,"value_pct":11.0,"label":"Contribución General sobre la Renta (Ley 20-12-1932)","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.513), bracket 1933-1935: 'excess' over 1,000,000 pts","confidence":"high","note":"Scale is a table of average rates by bracket (1%-6.84%), 7.70% on the first 1,000,000 pts and 11% on the excess; 11% is the top marginal rate. Taxable threshold 100,000 pts; individual (not family) unit 1933-1939."},{"from_year":1936,"value_pct":11.0,"label":"Contribución General sobre la Renta (threshold lowered to 80,000 pts)","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.513), bracket 1936-1940","confidence":"high","note":"First 1,000,000 pts at 8.20%, excess at 11%."},{"from_year":1941,"value_pct":40.0,"label":"Contribución sobre la Renta, reform Ley 16-12-1940","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.513), 1941; text p.509","confidence":"high","note":"Applies to 1941 incomes; family unit from 1940; plus a 30% surtax for single individuals (not included)."},{"from_year":1942,"value_pct":44.0,"label":"Contribución sobre la Renta, Ley 6-2-1943","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.513), 1942-1953; text p.509","confidence":"high","note":"Income years 1942-1953; 30% surtax for singles not included."},{"from_year":1954,"value_pct":33.0,"label":"Contribución sobre la Renta, Ley 16-12-1953","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.514), 1954-1956","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":1957,"value_pct":44.0,"label":"Contribución sobre la Renta, Ley 26-12-1957","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.514), 1957-1965","confidence":"high","note":"Top bracket over 6,000,000 pts."},{"from_year":1966,"value_pct":61.4,"label":"Impuesto General sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (Ley 11-6-1964, Decreto 27-11-1967)","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"Table 10A.1 (p.514), 1966-1973; text p.510","confidence":"high","note":"A&S: rates 15%-61.4% with an 'average maximum rate' (cap) of 50%."},{"from_year":1974,"value_pct":56.12,"label":"IGRPF after Decretos-ley 12/1973 and 13/1975","source":"Alvaredo & Saez (2010), 'Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain in a Historical and Fiscal Perspective', ch.10 in Atkinson & Piketty (eds.), Top Incomes: A Global Perspective, OUP (shorter version: JEEA 7(5), 2009)","source_url":"https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2016/06/Alvaredo_Saez_Chapter10_2010.pdf","locator":"text p.510 (no table row)","confidence":"medium","note":"A&S state the top marginal rate was 'reduced to 56.12 per cent' after the 1973 and 1975 decree-laws, with an average-rate cap of 40%, but give no year-by-year table; the exact first year (1974 vs 1976) is not pinned down."},{"from_year":1979,"value_pct":65.51,"label":"IRPF, Ley 44/1978 (BOE-A-1978-23326)","source":"Ley 44/1978, de 8 de septiembre, del IRPF","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-23326","locator":"art. 28.Uno (scale, 'En adelante 65,51'); art. 28.Dos","confidence":"high","note":"Cuota capped at 40% of the tax base (55% jointly with wealth tax). No scale change found for 1980 in BOE amendment list, so 1979-1980."},{"from_year":1981,"value_pct":65.09,"label":"IRPF scale for 1981, Ley 74/1980 PGE 1981","source":"Ley 74/1980, de 29 de diciembre (PGE 1981)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1980-27973","locator":"art. 32 (scale, top 'En adelante 65,09')","confidence":"high","note":"Matches A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9 (1981)."},{"from_year":1982,"value_pct":68.47,"label":"IRPF scale for 1982, Ley 44/1981 PGE 1982","source":"Ley 44/1981, de 26 de diciembre (PGE 1982)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1981-29991","locator":"art. 29.Uno (top 68,47); art. 29.Dos (average-rate cap raised from 40% to 42%)","confidence":"high","note":"Matches A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9 (1982)."},{"from_year":1983,"value_pct":65.0,"label":"IRPF scale for 1983, Ley 9/1983","source":"Ley 9/1983, de 13 de julio (PGE 1983)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-19653","locator":"art. 26 (top 65,00; average-rate cap 45%)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":1984,"value_pct":66.0,"label":"IRPF scale 1984-1987, Ley 44/1983 PGE 1984","source":"Ley 44/1983, de 28 de diciembre (PGE 1984)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-34167","locator":"art. 27 (top 66,00; cap 46% of base, 70% with wealth tax)","confidence":"high","note":"Same 66% top confirmed for 1987 in Ley 33/1987 art. 88.Uno; A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9 gives 66 for 1984-1987."},{"from_year":1988,"value_pct":56.0,"label":"IRPF scale for 1988, Ley 33/1987 PGE 1988","source":"Ley 33/1987, de 23 de diciembre (PGE 1988)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1987-28404","locator":"art. 88.Dos (top 'en adelante 56,00')","confidence":"high","note":"46% average-rate cap eliminated (only the 70% joint cap with wealth tax remains). A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9: 56 for 1988-1998."},{"from_year":1992,"value_pct":56.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 18/1991, scale raised by RDL 5/1992","source":"Real Decreto-ley 5/1992, de 21 de julio (art. 2)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-17364","locator":"art. 2 (modifies art. 74 Ley 18/1991; top 56,00)","confidence":"high","note":"Ley 18/1991 (BOE-A-1991-14391, art. 74) originally set 53%; RDL 5/1992 raised it to 56% for periods ending in 1992. 56% reconfirmed in Ley 41/1994 (BOE-A-1994-28967)."},{"from_year":1999,"value_pct":48.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 40/1998: state 39.6 + autonómica/complementaria 8.4","source":"Ley 40/1998, de 9 de diciembre, del IRPF","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1998-28472","locator":"art. 50 (state scale top 39,60) + art. 61 (escala autonómica o complementaria top 8,40)","confidence":"high","note":"Combined state + complementary scale (regions could alter their part only within limits). Matches A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9 (48 for 1999-2002)."},{"from_year":2003,"value_pct":45.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 46/2002: state 29.16 + complementaria 15.84","source":"Ley 46/2002, de 18 de diciembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2002-24711","locator":"art. 26 (new art. 50 Ley 40/1998, top 29,16) + new art. 61 (top 15,84)","confidence":"high","note":"Matches A&S Table 10C.2 col. 9 (45 for 2003-2005)."},{"from_year":2007,"value_pct":43.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 35/2006: state 27.13 + complementaria 15.87","source":"Ley 35/2006, de 28 de noviembre, del IRPF","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20764","locator":"art. 63 (top 27,13) + art. 74 (escala autonómica o complementaria, top 15,87)","confidence":"high","note":"Same 27.13 + 15.87 kept for 2010 by Ley 26/2009 art. 68 (BOE-A-2009-20765); Ley 22/2009 DT 15ª default regional scale for 2010 also tops at 21.5 on a 21.5 state scale = 43."},{"from_year":2011,"value_pct":45.0,"label":"IRPF: state 23.5 (Ley 39/2010) + regional reference 21.5","source":"Ley 39/2010, de 22 de diciembre (PGE 2011)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-19703","locator":"art. 62.Uno (art. 63 LIRPF: 22,5 above 120,000.20 EUR, 23,5 above 175,000.20 EUR)","confidence":"medium","note":"From 2011 each region legislates its own scale (art. 74 LIRPF as amended; no legal default). Combined value uses the 21.5% top of the Ley 22/2009 (BOE-A-2009-20375) reference regional scale; actual combined top varied by region (e.g. higher in Cataluña/Andalucía). State component is high confidence."},{"from_year":2012,"value_pct":52.0,"label":"IRPF + gravamen complementario 2012-2014 (+7 points above 300,000 EUR)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 20/2011, de 30 de diciembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20638","locator":"disposición final segunda, apartado Primero (adds DA 35ª LIRPF: complementary scale, top +7 above 300,000.20 EUR; also +7 on the withholding scale)","confidence":"medium","note":"State 23.5 + 7 = 30.5, plus regional reference 21.5 = 52. Extended to 2014 by later law (not re-checked). Same regional-reference caveat as 2011."},{"from_year":2015,"value_pct":47.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 26/2014: state 23.5 (2015 transitional scale); combined withholding scale top 47","source":"Ley 26/2014, de 27 de noviembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12327","locator":"DA 31ª LIRPF (2015 scales: state top 23,50; withholding scale top 47,00)","confidence":"medium","note":"Convention for 2015+: combined top = top of the legal withholding scale (state + reference regional half). Many secondary sources quote 46% for 2015 (23.5 + 22.5 typical regional). Regional tops varied."},{"from_year":2016,"value_pct":45.0,"label":"IRPF Ley 26/2014: state 22.5 (>60,000 EUR) + reference regional 22.5","source":"Ley 26/2014, de 27 de noviembre","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12327","locator":"art. 1 (art. 63.1 LIRPF top 22,50; art. 101 withholding scale top 45,00)","confidence":"medium","note":"State component high confidence; combined uses withholding-scale convention."},{"from_year":2021,"value_pct":47.0,"label":"IRPF: new state bracket 24.5 above 300,000 EUR + reference regional 22.5","source":"Ley 11/2020, de 30 de diciembre (PGE 2021)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2020-17339","locator":"art. 58 (art. 63.1 LIRPF top 24,50 above 300,000 EUR); withholding scale top 47,00","confidence":"medium","note":"Still in force 2026 (consolidated art. 63 checked). Actual 2025 combined range across common-regime regions: 45% (Madrid, regional top 20.5) to 54% (C. Valenciana, regional top 29.5); Hacienda, Tributación Autonómica. Medidas 2025, cap. I, pp.4-5: https://www.hacienda.gob.es/sgfal/financiacionterritorial/autonomica/capitulo-i-tributacion-autonomica-2025.pdf . País Vasco/Navarra (foral) excluded throughout."}],"ssc_general_rate_employee":[{"from_year":1978,"value_pct":5.5,"label":"Régimen General (bases tarifadas)","source":"Real Decreto 95/1978, de 25 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1978/01/26/pdfs/A01947-01948.pdf","locator":"art. 2.Uno a)-b), BOE 26-1-1978 p.1947","confidence":"medium","note":"Old system: single rate 34.3% (29.15 employer / 5.15 employee) on 'base tarifada' + complementary base for all contingencies except unemployment and AT/EP, plus unemployment 2.70 (2.35/0.35) on a different base. Bases not comparable with post-1980s capped real-wage bases. FOGASA/FP not listed. Same rates in 1979 (RD 82/1979, BOE-A-1979-2187, art. 3). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1983,"value_pct":5.9,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 92/1983, de 19 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-2330","locator":"art. 1-2 (CC 25.8/4.8; desempleo 4.8/1.0; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.4/0.1); PDF https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/01/22/pdfs/A01672-01675.pdf","confidence":"medium","note":"Components summed. The decree/order print the CC total as 30.8 / 30.0 while components sum to 30.6 (OCR/print inconsistency); components used. 1980-1982 not found (gap). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1984,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 46/1984, de 4 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-613","locator":"art. 2-3 (CC 24.3/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.4/0.1)","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1985,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 15 de enero de 1985 (desarrolla RD 1/1985)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1985-1607","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 1.1; FP 0.12/0.10; art. 32 Fondo de Solidaridad para el Empleo 0.28/0.28","confidence":"medium","note":"Excludes the 1985-only Fondo de Solidaridad para el Empleo (0.28 employer / 0.28 employee, same base as FP); including it gives 30.70 / 6.28. CC total printed as 28.6 vs components 28.8. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1986,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 28 de enero de 1986 (RD 2475/1985); RD 41/1987","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-2687","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 1.1; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same rates in 1987 (RD 41/1987, BOE-A-1987-1092). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1988,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 27 de enero de 1988","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1988-2409","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1989,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 24/1989, de 13 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-1103","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.5; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1990,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 234/1990; Real Decreto 9/1991","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1990-4868","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same in 1991 (BOE-A-1991-1060). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1992,"value_pct":6.0,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 16 de enero de 1992","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-1212","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 6.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1993,"value_pct":6.1,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 18 de enero de 1993","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1993-1381","locator":"CC 24.4/4.9; desempleo 6.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1994,"value_pct":6.6,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 19 de enero de 1994","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1994-1413","locator":"CC 24.4/4.9; desempleo 6.2/1.6; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1995,"value_pct":6.4,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 18 de enero de 1995","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-1739","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo 6.2/1.6; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same in 1997-1999 orders (BOE-A-1997-1701, BOE-A-1998-1806, BOE-A-1999-1132); 1996 order text not machine-readable, assumed unchanged. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2000,"value_pct":6.35,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 28 de enero de 2000","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-1799","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo (contratación indefinida) 6.0/1.55; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same through the 2006 order (BOE-A-2006-842). Temporary contracts pay higher unemployment rates (e.g. 6.7/1.6). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2007,"value_pct":6.35,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden TAS/31/2007, de 16 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-1113","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo indefinido 5.75/1.55; FOGASA 0.2; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Unemployment cut 0.25 pts reportedly from 1-7-2006 (Ley 43/2006 reform; mid-2006 date not verified in BOE here). FOGASA 0.4 -> 0.2. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2008,"value_pct":6.35,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden TAS/76/2008, de 22 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-1466","locator":"art. 32.2.1.1: desempleo indefinido 7.30 (5.75/1.55) until 30-6-2008, then 7.05 (5.50/1.55) from 1-7-2008","confidence":"high","note":"From 1-7-2008 (Jan-Jun 2008: 30.15/6.35). Unchanged 2009-2022 (checked 2009, 2010, 2012, 2019, 2022 orders). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2023,"value_pct":6.45,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PCM/74/2023; RDL 2/2023 (MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-2472","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo 5.5/1.55; FOGASA 0.2; FP 0.6/0.1; MEI 0.5/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"MEI per LGSS DT 43ª as worded by RDL 2/2023 (BOE-A-2023-6967). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2024,"value_pct":6.47,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/51/2024","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-1691","locator":"as 2023 + MEI 0.58/0.12","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2025,"value_pct":6.48,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/178/2025","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-3780","locator":"as 2023 + MEI 0.67/0.13","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2026,"value_pct":6.5,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/297/2026, de 30 de marzo","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-7296","locator":"CC 23.60/4.70; desempleo fijo 5.50/1.55; FOGASA 0.20; FP 0.60/0.10; MEI 0.75/0.15","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2027,"value_pct":6.52,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023, de 16 de marzo (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2027 0.83/0.17","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled: assumes other rates unchanged (not yet set by an annual order). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2028,"value_pct":6.53,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023 (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2028 0.92/0.18","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled; same assumption. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2029,"value_pct":6.55,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023 (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2029 1.00/0.20 (kept to 2050)","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled; same assumption. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."}],"ssc_general_rate_employer":[{"from_year":1978,"value_pct":31.5,"label":"Régimen General (bases tarifadas)","source":"Real Decreto 95/1978, de 25 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1978/01/26/pdfs/A01947-01948.pdf","locator":"art. 2.Uno a)-b), BOE 26-1-1978 p.1947","confidence":"medium","note":"Old system: single rate 34.3% (29.15 employer / 5.15 employee) on 'base tarifada' + complementary base for all contingencies except unemployment and AT/EP, plus unemployment 2.70 (2.35/0.35) on a different base. Bases not comparable with post-1980s capped real-wage bases. FOGASA/FP not listed. Same rates in 1979 (RD 82/1979, BOE-A-1979-2187, art. 3). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1983,"value_pct":31.8,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 92/1983, de 19 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-2330","locator":"art. 1-2 (CC 25.8/4.8; desempleo 4.8/1.0; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.4/0.1); PDF https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/01/22/pdfs/A01672-01675.pdf","confidence":"medium","note":"Components summed. The decree/order print the CC total as 30.8 / 30.0 while components sum to 30.6 (OCR/print inconsistency); components used. 1980-1982 not found (gap). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1984,"value_pct":30.7,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 46/1984, de 4 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-613","locator":"art. 2-3 (CC 24.3/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.4/0.1)","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1985,"value_pct":30.42,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 15 de enero de 1985 (desarrolla RD 1/1985)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1985-1607","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 1.1; FP 0.12/0.10; art. 32 Fondo de Solidaridad para el Empleo 0.28/0.28","confidence":"medium","note":"Excludes the 1985-only Fondo de Solidaridad para el Empleo (0.28 employer / 0.28 employee, same base as FP); including it gives 30.70 / 6.28. CC total printed as 28.6 vs components 28.8. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1986,"value_pct":30.9,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 28 de enero de 1986 (RD 2475/1985); RD 41/1987","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-2687","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 1.1; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same rates in 1987 (RD 41/1987, BOE-A-1987-1092). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1988,"value_pct":30.6,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 27 de enero de 1988","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1988-2409","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.8; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1989,"value_pct":30.3,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 24/1989, de 13 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-1103","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.5; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1990,"value_pct":30.2,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto 234/1990; Real Decreto 9/1991","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1990-4868","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 5.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same in 1991 (BOE-A-1991-1060). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1992,"value_pct":31.2,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 16 de enero de 1992","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-1212","locator":"CC 24/4.8; desempleo 6.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1993,"value_pct":31.6,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 18 de enero de 1993","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1993-1381","locator":"CC 24.4/4.9; desempleo 6.2/1.1; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1994,"value_pct":31.6,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 19 de enero de 1994","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1994-1413","locator":"CC 24.4/4.9; desempleo 6.2/1.6; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":1995,"value_pct":30.8,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 18 de enero de 1995","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-1739","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo 6.2/1.6; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same in 1997-1999 orders (BOE-A-1997-1701, BOE-A-1998-1806, BOE-A-1999-1132); 1996 order text not machine-readable, assumed unchanged. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2000,"value_pct":30.6,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden de 28 de enero de 2000","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-1799","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo (contratación indefinida) 6.0/1.55; FOGASA 0.4; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Same through the 2006 order (BOE-A-2006-842). Temporary contracts pay higher unemployment rates (e.g. 6.7/1.6). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2007,"value_pct":30.15,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden TAS/31/2007, de 16 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-1113","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo indefinido 5.75/1.55; FOGASA 0.2; FP 0.6/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"Unemployment cut 0.25 pts reportedly from 1-7-2006 (Ley 43/2006 reform; mid-2006 date not verified in BOE here). FOGASA 0.4 -> 0.2. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2008,"value_pct":29.9,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden TAS/76/2008, de 22 de enero","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-1466","locator":"art. 32.2.1.1: desempleo indefinido 7.30 (5.75/1.55) until 30-6-2008, then 7.05 (5.50/1.55) from 1-7-2008","confidence":"high","note":"From 1-7-2008 (Jan-Jun 2008: 30.15/6.35). Unchanged 2009-2022 (checked 2009, 2010, 2012, 2019, 2022 orders). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2023,"value_pct":30.4,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PCM/74/2023; RDL 2/2023 (MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-2472","locator":"CC 23.6/4.7; desempleo 5.5/1.55; FOGASA 0.2; FP 0.6/0.1; MEI 0.5/0.1","confidence":"high","note":"MEI per LGSS DT 43ª as worded by RDL 2/2023 (BOE-A-2023-6967). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2024,"value_pct":30.48,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/51/2024","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-1691","locator":"as 2023 + MEI 0.58/0.12","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2025,"value_pct":30.57,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/178/2025","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-3780","locator":"as 2023 + MEI 0.67/0.13","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2026,"value_pct":30.65,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Orden PJC/297/2026, de 30 de marzo","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-7296","locator":"CC 23.60/4.70; desempleo fijo 5.50/1.55; FOGASA 0.20; FP 0.60/0.10; MEI 0.75/0.15","confidence":"high","note":"Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2027,"value_pct":30.73,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023, de 16 de marzo (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2027 0.83/0.17","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled: assumes other rates unchanged (not yet set by an annual order). Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2028,"value_pct":30.82,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023 (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2028 0.92/0.18","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled; same assumption. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."},{"from_year":2029,"value_pct":30.9,"label":"Régimen General, tipo general (contrato indefinido)","source":"Real Decreto-ley 2/2023 (scheduled MEI)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-6967","locator":"LGSS DT 43ª: MEI 2029 1.00/0.20 (kept to 2050)","confidence":"medium","note":"Scheduled; same assumption. Régimen General, indefinite contract, % of capped contribution base; sum of common contingencies + unemployment + FOGASA + vocational training (+MEI from 2023). Excludes AT/EP (occupational risk premiums, employer-only, by activity)."}],"vat_standard_rate":[{"from_year":1964,"value_pct":1.5,"label":"ITE (Impuesto General sobre el Tráfico de las Empresas), tipo general","source":"Decreto 3314/1966, de 29 de diciembre, texto refundido ITE (tax created by Ley 41/1964, de 11 de junio)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1967-2011","locator":"art. 13 ('al tipo del 1,5 por 100')","confidence":"medium","note":"Cascade turnover tax, not comparable with VAT. 1.5% verified in the 1966 TR and again as 'tipo general del uno coma cinco por ciento' in Ley 6/1979 (BOE-A-1979-23318); the 1964 original law text was not checked. A provincial surcharge (0.5% per Ley 6/1979) is excluded."},{"from_year":1983,"value_pct":3.0,"label":"ITE tipo general raised to 3%","source":"Ley 5/1983, de 29 de junio","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1983-18137","locator":"art. 19.1 (new art. 13 TR ITE: tipo general 3); in force 30-6-1983","confidence":"high","note":"Other ITE rates set at the same time (e.g. 4% manufacturer-to-retail sales); provincial surcharge of 1% on the general rate (same law) excluded. No intermediate change 1967-1983 found, but BOE amendment list is incomplete."},{"from_year":1986,"value_pct":12.0,"label":"IVA, Ley 30/1985 (in force 1-1-1986)","source":"Ley 30/1985, de 2 de agosto, del IVA","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1985-16765","locator":"art. 27.1","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":1992,"value_pct":13.0,"label":"IVA 13% from 1-1-1992","source":"Ley 31/1991, de 30 de diciembre (PGE 1992)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1991-30903","locator":"art. 81 (new art. 27.1 Ley 30/1985)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":1992,"value_pct":15.0,"label":"IVA 15% from 1-8-1992","source":"Real Decreto-ley 5/1992, de 21 de julio","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-17364","locator":"art. 1.1","confidence":"high","note":"Change date 1-8-1992 (date_from: 1992-08-01). Kept by Ley 37/1992 art. 90 (BOE-A-1992-28740) from 1-1-1993."},{"from_year":1995,"value_pct":16.0,"label":"IVA 16% from 1-1-1995","source":"Ley 41/1994, de 30 de diciembre (PGE 1995)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1994-28967","locator":"art. 78 (new art. 90.Uno Ley 37/1992)","confidence":"high","note":null},{"from_year":2010,"value_pct":18.0,"label":"IVA 18% from 1-7-2010","source":"Ley 26/2009, de 23 de diciembre (PGE 2010)","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-20765","locator":"art. 79.Uno (art. 90.Uno Ley 37/1992)","confidence":"high","note":"date_from 2010-07-01."},{"from_year":2012,"value_pct":21.0,"label":"IVA 21% from 1-9-2012","source":"Real Decreto-ley 20/2012, de 13 de julio","source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2012-9364","locator":"art. 23.Dos (art. 90.Uno Ley 37/1992)","confidence":"high","note":"date_from 2012-09-01; still 21% in 2026."}]}},"complexity":{"amendments":[{"law":"Ley 29/1987, de 18 de 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